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TECHNICAL SERVICES
BULLETIN, October 2001
(1 of 4 pages)
PROJECT COMPLETION SUMMARIES
Several FPRF research projects have
recently been completed and final reports are being reviewed for
Directors Digest publishing. Nearly all of these are being submitted
for peer review publishing.
One of these projects was initiated
by Dr. Gerald Schelling at the University of Idaho. During the
duration of the project initiated in February of 1998, Dr. Schelling
was diagnosed with cancer. Following a series of treatments and
tests that offered hope of an arrested condition further
complications were diagnosed that resulted in Dr. Schelling’s
passing on May 30th of this year. He was committed to complete the
project in a most professional manner and previously published
several abstracts during its progress and fully supported the
utilization of meat and bone meal in aquaculture formulations. It
was not possible of Dr. Schelling to personally complete his final
report but in working with the staff at the University of Idaho I
quote the following from the letter that accompanied it.
“We have a final report to submit
to the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation, Inc. regarding the
project entitled Meat and Bone Meal as a Major Dietary Ingredient
for Salmonid Under Several Growth Regimes, that is worthy
testimony to the collaborative efforts of your group and Dr.
Schelling’s group. Gary, we certainly want to thank you for your
long-standing support of Gerald’s program. I know from my
interactions with him that he is deeply appreciative of it. We would
also like to thank you for your patience with us in building and
submitting this final report for you. Developing the final report
was not as simple as I anticipated it would be. His senior Ph.D.
Student Brian Peterson through a comprehensive effort and a great
deal of man-hours completed the task. We owe him a special note of
gratitude”. Dr. R.A. Battaglia, Department Head.
FPRF Comments: Indeed
a great deal of gratitude is owed Dr. Gerald Schelling a “real
fighter” who was a quality devoted researcher with a great
appreciation for rendered animal products. Further to all that
contributed to the completion of a task he had pledged to see
through its completion we say thanks.
MEAT AND BONE MEAL AS A MAJOR
DIETARY INGREDIENT FOR SALMONIDS UNDER SEVERAL GROWTH REGIMES.
Dr. Gerald Schelling and
Brian C. Peterson, M.S.
University of Idaho
INDUSTRY SUMMARY
Introduction: Aquaculture
production of trout and salmon is expected to drastically increase
during the next two decades. Fish meals are a good source of protein
and energy for salmons and comprise approximately 50 % of the
content of all diets used in trout and salmon production. The
current increasing demand for fish meal for purposes outside fish
feeds has increased its price and may make it impractical for use in
the very near future. Furthermore, the recent ban on using meat and
bone meal derived from domestic animals for ruminant feeds has
created additional markets for this product. If meat and bone meal
can replace part or all of the fish meal normally used in trout and
salmon diets, it would be of considerable economic benefit to the
users and the producers of this product. The current cost of meat
and bone meal is approximately 45 % that of fish meal. The price
differential would substantially decrease the cost of fish diets,
and the added increased use of meat and bone meal would bring about
the benefits of an expanded market for the manufacturers of this
product. A thorough evaluation of meat and bone meal as a
replacement dietary ingredient for fish meal is needed to assess the
feasibility of its adoption into the aquaculture industry.
Objectives: The objective of
this project was to evaluate the nutritional value of meat and bone
meal as a replacement for fish meal in the diets of cultured
salmonids under two growth regimes (with and without the
administration of bST (bovine somatotropin). This work was conducted
with rainbow trout since they are a representative of the salmonid
family and an important species in the aquaculture industry. The
specific objectives were:
1. To determine the nutritional
value of meat and bone meal as a replacement for fish meal in diets
for rainbow trout growing during the production-size phase.
2. To determine the nutritional
value of supplemental amino acids used in conjunction with meat and
bone meal as a replacement for fish meal.
3. To determine the extent to which
bST improves the efficiency of protein utilization from meat and
bone meal.
4. To determine the availability of
phosphorus in meat and bone meal and assess phosphorus in
aquacultural effluent.
Summary: Feeding experiments
which examined the potential of replacing fish meal protein with a
standard, good quality, meat and bone meal protein indicated that
fish meal protein can be replaced with 25 to 50 % meat and bone meal
protein with only 5 to 10 % loss in feed/gain, and up to 75 % with a
15 % loss in feed/gain. Body composition results of this study
indicated that there were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter
and protein content of the whole body carcass fed the dietary
treatments. Results also indicated that there was an increase (P <
0.05) in carcass fat with the addition of standard meat and bone
meal at 25 % and 100 % when compared to the control diet (100 % fish
meal and 0 % meat and bone meal) (D100:0). It is not clear why
carcass fat did not increase when standard meat and bone meal was
added at 50 and 75 %. However, only a sub-sample of each treatment
group was analyzed and it may be that the number of fish used to
determine body composition was too small to detect a difference.
Subsequent feeding experiments
which examined the potential of replacing fish meal protein with low
ash meat and bone meal protein indicated that fish meal protein can
be replaced with 25 to 50 % low ash meat and bone meal protein with
only a 5 to 10 % loss in feed/gain, and up to 75 % with a 20 % loss
in feed/gain. Body composition results of this study indicated that
dry matter and protein content of the whole body carcass decreased
(P < 0.05) while ash and fat content increased (P < 0.05) with
increasing amounts of low ash meat and bone meal. The deposition of
more fat and less total carcass protein may reduce the overall
carcass dressing percentage on whole fish and this would be a major
concern to the aquaculture industry. Future studies examining the
replacement of fish meal with low ash meat and bone meal must
address this concern.
Feeding experiments which examined
the nutritional value of supplementing the amino acids tryptophan,
methionine, and lysine (TML) in conjunction with meat and bone meal
as a replacement for fish meal with and without bST indicated that
the addition of these amino acids had no effect (P > 0.05) on
improving growth performance when fish meal protein was replaced
with 75 % low ash meat and bone meal protein. Feeding experiments
which examined the potential of replacing fish meal protein with low
ash meat and bone meal with bST (120 g/g BW/3 wks, Posilac)
indicated that bST in addition to the control diet (D100:0)
increased gains 70 % and improved feed efficiency approximately 15 %
when compared to the D100:0 diet. Using the bST + D100:0 diet as the
control diet and comparing it to the two diets that received bST +
D25:75 (25 % fish meal and 75 % low ash meat and bone meal) with and
without the addition of the amino acids T, M, and L, it appeared
that without the supplementation of these amino acids, fish gain was
decreased (P < 0.05) by approximately 20 %. It also appeared that
feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) 5 and 10 % with the
supplementation of amino acids (bST + D25:75 + TML) and without the
supplementation of amino acids (bST + D25:75). It is clear that with
the supplementation of the amino acids (T, M, and L) to diets
containing 75 % low ash meat and bone meal, there is no benefit on
improving growth performance in rainbow trout. However, under an
accelerated growth regime (the use of bST), these amino acids seemed
to play a positive role in fish gain. It also appeared that bST has
little to no effect on improving the efficiency of protein
utilization with low ash meat and bone meal.
Effects of replacing fish meal
protein with meat and bone meal protein as a major dietary
ingredient on growth performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss).
G.T. Schelling, M.T. Casten, N.J.
Hughes, R.A. Roeder, and R.W. Hardy; University of Idaho, Moscow,
ID, USA.
Abstract: Feeding
experiments were conducted to examine the potential of replacing
fish meal protein (FM) with a standard, good quality meat and bone
meal protein (MBM) in 25 % increments for growing rainbow trout.
With the objective of making an overall evaluation of growth
performance and carcass composition, semi-purified diets were used
to provide FM protein:MBM protein of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and
0:100 as the sole dietary protein in isonitrogenous and isocaloric
diets. Two hundred and twenty five rainbow trout (mean weight 120 g)
were allotted to five treatments with three replicates in a
randomized block design. The tanks were five cubic feet; water flow
= 20.51 L/min; temperature = 15C. The fish were hand fed to
satiation twice daily and were weighed on d 0, 21, 42, and 63. Daily
gain, daily feed intake, and feed/gain ratios were determined for
growth performance. A sub-population of fish were sacrificed on d 63
for body composition determination by whole carcass proximate
analysis. In the 100:0 diet, fish gained 3.8 g/d and the relative
percentage gains for the series of diets with increasing MBM protein
were 100, 90, 83, 85, and 59 % (59 lower, P < 0.05). The feed/gain
ratios were .94, .98, 1.04, 1.09 and 1.46 (1.46 less efficient, P <
0.05), respectively. There were no marked differences (P > 0.05) in
dry matter and protein content of the whole body carcass fed the
dietary treatments. The 0:100 diet resulted in reduced growth (P <
0.05) and therefore, had somewhat more carcass fat. This work
indicates that FM protein in semi-purified diets for rainbow trout
can be replaced with 25 and 50 % MBM protein with only 5 and 10 %
loss in F/G, and even up to 75 % with a 15 % loss in F/G.
Key words: Meat and bone meal
protein, Fish protein nutrition, Rainbow trout (Journal of Animal
Science, Vol. 78, Supp. 1)
EFFECTS OF REPLACING FISH MEAL
PROTEIN WITH LOW ASH MEAT AND BONE MEAL PROTEIN AS A MAJOR DIETARY
INGREDIENT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS
MYKISS).
G.T. Schelling, M.T. Casten,
N.J. Hughes, R.A. Roeder, and R.W. Hardy;
University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
Abstract: Feeding
experiments were conducted to examine the potential of replacing
fish meal protein (FM) with a standard, good quality, low ash meat
and bone meal protein (LAMBM) in 25 % increments for growing rainbow
trout. With the objective of making an overall evaluation of growth
performance and carcass composition, semi-purified diets were used
to provide FM protein: LAMBM protein of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75,
and 0:100 as the sole dietary protein in isonitrogenous and
isocaloric diets. Two hundred and twenty five rainbow trout (mean
weight 120 g) were allotted to five treatments with three replicates
in a randomized block design. The tanks were five cubic feet; water
flow = 20.51 L/min; temperature = 15C. The fish were hand fed to
satiation twice daily and were weighed on d 0, 21, 42, and 63. Daily
gain, daily feed intake, and feed/gain ratios were determined for
growth performance. A sub-population of fish were sacrificed on d 63
for body composition determination by whole carcass proximate
analysis. In the 100:0 diet, fish gained 3.8 g/d and the relative
percentage gains for the series of diets with increasing MBM protein
were 100, 83, 84, 68, and 39 % (39 % lower,P < 0.05). The relative
percentage feed intakes were 100, 88, 87, 79, and 64 % (64 % lower,
P < 0.05). The feed/gain ratios were .94, 1.01, .98, 1.19, and 1.53
(1.53 less efficient, P < 0.05), respectively. Dry matter and
protein content of the whole body carcass decreased (P < 0.05),
while ash and fat content increased (P < 0.05) with increasing
increments of LAMBM protein, respectively. This works indicates that
FM protein in semi-purified diets for rainbow trout can be replaced
with 25 and 50 % LAMBM protein with only a 5 and 10 % loss in F/G,
and up to 75 % with a 20 % loss in F/G.
Key words: Low ash meat and bone
meal protein, Fish protein nutrition, Rainbow trout
(Not submitted to ASAS meetings)
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